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Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a disabling chronic illness. People with ME/CFS experience profound fatigue that does not go away with rest, sleep issues, and problems with memory or concentration. Further common symptoms include dizziness, nausea and pain.^[3] The hallmark symptom is a worsening of the illness which starts hours to days after minor physical or mental activity. This "crash" can last from hours or days to several months.^[10]

The cause of the disease is unknown.^[11] ME/CFS often starts after an infection, such as mononucleosis.^[12] It can run in families, but no genes that contribute to ME/CFS have been confirmed.^[13] ME/CFS is associated with changes in the nervous and immune systems, as well as in energy production.^[14] Diagnosis is based on symptoms because no diagnostic test is available.^[7]

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) has a long history with an evolution in medical understanding, diagnoses and social perceptions.

In the early 19th century, the diagnosis of neuresthenia was popular, which had overlaps with current ME/CFS criteria. Various outbreaks of enigmatic disease occurred in the early 20th century, variably known as atypical poliomyelitis, Akureyri disease or epidemic neuromyasthenia.

After an outbreak in the Royal Free Hospital in London, the disease became known as benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. Controversy erupted when psychiatrists who had not spoken to any of the patients called the outbreak a case of "mass hysteria". The first case definition of ME was published in 1986, and the first definition of CFS in 1988.